Universals of Culture

(c) Copyright administered by New Tribes Mission, Australia

ENCULTURATION

Every ounce of culture is learned. Man does not genetically inherit his way of living. Instead, he has by some means effectively communicated all aspects of "normal" life from one generation to another. Studies have shown that cultures use three basic methods of self propagation. Technical teaching involves more formal "classroom" settings; such as a grandmother explaining the way something is done, the special instruction of an initiation, and the special apprenticeship of one person when learning the specialty of another. Technical teaching often involves the parables, proverbs, myths, etc. that function in training the young in the "norms" of society. Formal teaching involves corrective teaching. Myths and legends are often used to reinforce fears of wrong activities, and blessings of right activities...i.e."Don't do this or you'll end up like _____.," etc. By far the most effective teaching technique in a culture is informal or imitative. With this method, learning takes place by example. A child never observes certain activities so never does them. Other activities which he always observes, become "natural" to him.

It is important to investigate the methods by which knowledge is passed on (enculturation). Is it by special instruction? An initiation? By parent to child? By apprenticeship? These methods of enculturation will enable us to effectively communicate the gospel.